WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:04.480 It's been about three years since I posted this video that did very well at the time 00:04.480 --> 00:08.880 explaining the origin and meaning of European country names, so I thought it was about time 00:08.880 --> 00:13.840 to provide an update. The names haven't changed but we can go a little more in depth 00:13.840 --> 00:18.720 No long intro, let's jump straight into it. Timestamps below if you want to skip to a specific country 00:18.720 --> 00:32.479 I'm gonna go west to east because I'm Portuguese and I want to start with my own country 00:32.820 --> 00:38.580 Portugal's name comes from the Roman Celtic Portus Cale, which referred to the rough region 00:38.580 --> 00:44.140 where Portu and Villanova de Gaia are today. Portus comes from the Latin term for port 00:44.140 --> 00:50.540 Kalle is unclear in its origin, but it might be related to the Galaichi people, which inhabited the region 00:51.060 --> 00:54.800 Some say it could mean port itself, but then the name would be Port-Port 00:55.220 --> 01:03.220 There's also a Celtic goddess named Kalle, so that's a possibility. And Ireland's case is actually connected to a Celtic goddess too 01:03.580 --> 01:12.520 Ireland is an English adaptation of the Celtic term Eid, which in turn comes from Eriu, who is a goddess in Irish mythology 01:12.520 --> 01:19.680 I might be wrong but I think Eru is the god figure in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings universe 01:20.040 --> 01:26.060 That's interesting. Nobody really knows where the Irish goddess got her name from but it said she represents 01:26.060 --> 01:31.200 water and so the name would literally mean something like flowing water so I guess Ireland 01:31.200 --> 01:35.740 would be land of the flowing water. Wales is a tricky one 01:35.740 --> 01:42.400 The English name Wales derives from the Old English word whale meaning foreigners or outside 01:42.400 --> 01:47.780 It was used by Anglo-Saxons to refer to the Celtic Britons, which is interesting considering 01:47.780 --> 01:51.520 they were the outsiders and the Celts were the natives when they arrived 01:51.820 --> 01:57.780 While the Welsh name for Wales is Kimru, which is a good example of a case where the exonym 01:58.260 --> 02:03.280 what we call a country in English as outsiders, is different than the endonym, what they call 02:03.280 --> 02:10.280 themselves in their own language. Kimru itself comes from the Britannic word Combrógi, which translates to compatriots 02:10.280 --> 02:18.620 or fellow countrymen, pretty much the opposite of Wales' meaning. When it comes to Scotland, it literally means Land of the Scots 02:19.160 --> 02:23.400 Based on the Roman name for the region, which was inhabited by the Scotty tribe 02:23.880 --> 02:30.600 the Gaelic indonym is Alba, which derives from Albion, connected to the Indo-European term for white 02:31.040 --> 02:37.000 maybe related to the snowy region that it describes. Wrapping up Great Britain, we have England 02:37.000 --> 02:43.180 which comes from Land of the Angles, referring to the Angle people who traveled to Britain from 02:43.180 --> 02:48.400 around where Denmark is, kind of. Britain itself comes from the Latin Britannia 02:48.720 --> 02:53.140 which comes from the Pretanni, the island's original inhabitants, a Celtic name that 02:53.140 --> 02:59.100 maybe meant something like painted people, so Britain would be Land of the Painted People 02:59.260 --> 03:03.960 I guess. Back to the mainland, we have Spain. Also deriving from the Latin term 03:03.960 --> 03:09.960 It seems that the Romans themselves got their term from Phoenician influences 03:09.960 --> 03:14.080 The Phoenicians at one time had settlements and colonies in what is now Spain 03:14.080 --> 03:17.920 They may have called the peninsula something like two very different meanings but both 03:17.920 --> 03:23.000 connected to what the land provided to them in terms of resources to trade 03:23.000 --> 03:31.500 France oddly has a Germanic root. Sort of. Its original name was Francia which literally means land of the Franks 03:31.500 --> 03:38.840 So maybe Francia. The Franks were a Germanic tribe who established a kingdom in the ancient Roman province of 03:38.840 --> 03:44.940 Gaul at the time of the barbarian invasions of Europe and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire 03:44.940 --> 03:49.520 Their name is of uncertain origin, but many think it might be related to the Proto-Germanic 03:49.520 --> 03:55.560 word, francon, meaning something like javelin, maybe referring to the type of weapons used 03:55.560 --> 04:02.860 by the tribe in combat. The old name of Gaul comes from the Latin Galatia or Galia, which in turn took its name 04:02.860 --> 04:09.820 from the local Gali tribe. Hellenistic etymology from ancient Greece connects that name in turn 04:09.820 --> 04:17.180 to the term Gala which would mean milk referring perhaps to the very pale skin complexion of the 04:17.180 --> 04:23.020 Gauls which I think is still a thing in France today yet another example of endonyms and exonyms 04:23.020 --> 04:28.620 with different origins and meanings. Now imagine having to visit all of these countries or if you 04:28.620 --> 04:33.660 chose to do it by foot how exhausting that would be you would probably need to 04:33.660 --> 04:38.160 train a lot to be able to do it and so that is a good opportunity to introduce 04:38.160 --> 04:47.060 our partner for this video TrainWell. TrainWell is a personalized personal trainer service they believe that working out should be about building 04:47.060 --> 04:52.620 healthy fitness habits not fads or quick transformations and that every person is 04:52.620 --> 04:56.520 unique and so their fitness journey should be too. 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For example, my trainer, Nate 05:32.320 --> 05:37.640 actually sent me a video of himself doing a workout that I have always kind of struggled with 05:37.640 --> 05:42.840 and watching that video of somebody doing it properly really allowed me to figure out the 05:42.840 --> 05:48.860 proper form. On your workout days, you use the app to follow along the plan. My favorite parts of it 05:48.860 --> 05:54.640 are the fact they really teach you how to do the workouts properly with instructions. Not only that 05:54.640 --> 05:58.580 but my trainer followed up with me after every training that I did 05:58.820 --> 06:05.020 making sure it was an adequate fit for me. I had started working out by myself, just lifting some weights at the gym 06:05.080 --> 06:10.680 but I wasn't seeing great results. And starting TrainWell with a real personal trainer and a detailed workout plan 06:10.680 --> 06:16.620 really helped me improve and see better results. So if you're interested in trying it out 06:16.780 --> 06:32.930 just go to go.trainwell.net slash general knowledge to find your perfect trainer and get 14 days of free training yourself Now let get back to the video Stuck between France and Spain we have Andorra 06:33.230 --> 06:39.310 And here the potential origin is fascinating. There are three options and nobody really agrees on which one is more likely 06:39.690 --> 06:44.390 It could come from the Arabic term Ad-Darra, which means something like thick forest because 06:44.390 --> 06:50.970 of the landscape. It could come from the native Basque Andorria, which has a similar meaning, or from Charlemagne 06:50.970 --> 06:59.110 who would have supposedly named the region upon visiting it, calling it Andor, in reference to the biblical Valley of Endor 06:59.230 --> 07:09.230 which would then evolve into Andorra. Interestingly, the fictional moon of Endor in the Star Wars universe in the original trilogy is itself a thickly wooded environment 07:09.370 --> 07:15.570 so maybe George Lucas is a fan of etymology. Quickly stopping by another microstate, we have Monaco 07:16.010 --> 07:19.550 This one also traces its name back to the times of ancient Greece 07:19.550 --> 07:26.550 The place where Monaco is today used to be a Greek colony called Monoikos, which meant single house 07:26.970 --> 07:33.170 Legend says this single house would refer to the local temple built to honor Heracles or Hercules 07:33.690 --> 07:38.450 In fact, the Roman name for the region later on was Portus Hercules Monaeci 07:38.910 --> 07:44.150 From the Latin name Belgica, it was the term chosen arguably by Julius Caesar himself 07:44.150 --> 07:50.650 for the name of a Roman province originally inhabited by the Belgae, a Celtic or Germanic 07:50.650 --> 07:55.950 tribe. The name of the tribe itself meant something like to swell with anger in battle 07:55.950 --> 08:02.370 from the proto-Indo-European root Belg. But I don't think the Belgians are very angry people today 08:02.490 --> 08:06.670 so maybe the name isn't accurate anymore. Next to it, the Netherlands have a pretty 08:06.670 --> 08:12.210 self-explanatory name. It means lowlands, referring to how little elevation the country has 08:12.210 --> 08:17.730 much of it being beneath sea level. Throughout history many sources refer to the country as 08:17.730 --> 08:24.630 Holland too, a term derived from the old Dutch word Holtlund meaning woodland. I guess there was 08:24.630 --> 08:29.790 a significant forest there at the time. We also call the inhabitants of the country a third term 08:29.790 --> 08:35.670 Dutch but this connects to the etymology of Deutsch and we will learn about that when we get 08:35.670 --> 08:41.050 to Germany. Which is right now because Germany is a great example of a place where 08:41.050 --> 08:48.010 indonym and exonyms are very different and they have at least five other names that other countries 08:48.010 --> 08:54.250 used to refer to them. The French call it Allemagne, based on the Allemani tribe. In English, we call 08:54.250 --> 08:59.010 it Germany, after the Germani tribe, which gave the Romans their name for the region, Germania 08:59.350 --> 09:03.850 while in German it's called Deutschland, Land of the Deutsch, which would directly translate to 09:03.850 --> 09:10.310 Land of the People. Deutsch comes from the old, high German term, Deustisk, that has that same 09:10.310 --> 09:14.270 meaning, it's just a land where their own people lived and so they called it as such 09:14.670 --> 09:19.710 I did a whole video focused on this if you want a more in-depth explanation. Dutch, the way that 09:19.710 --> 09:24.190 we refer to people from the Netherlands, has a connected etymology because, well, they all came 09:24.190 --> 09:31.110 from the same original ancient people or at least were viewed as such by outsiders. Moving south 09:31.210 --> 09:38.610 we have Switzerland. It means land of the Switzers, which is now an outdated term once used to 09:38.610 --> 09:43.550 describe the people from the country in English. It referred to the canton of Schwitz, one of the 09:43.550 --> 09:48.250 main ones that makes up the country and just expand it to be used for the whole country 09:48.590 --> 09:53.130 in a similar way that we used to call all of the Netherlands Holland, even though it's just one 09:53.130 --> 09:57.910 part of the territory. The canton of Schwitz seems to have gotten its name from the old high 09:57.910 --> 10:04.910 German term, swedan meaning to burn, referring to the clearing of forests for building. The Latin 10:04.910 --> 10:10.030 name for the country however was Elvetia. In fact the official domain name for the country 10:10.030 --> 10:15.950 is Confederatio Elvetica. It was named after the Elveti tribe that initially lived there 10:15.950 --> 10:24.350 And I couldn't really find a meaning for the name of the tribe. Going back to wrap up the Benelux area we have Luxembourg. Luxembourg's medieval name is the 10:24.350 --> 10:29.150 most complicated thing I've ever seen. It was called Lucille, a fortified structure built on 10:29.150 --> 10:35.630 the Alzette River. Burg form Burhuk, Burg mean castle, while the Lucillian part would come from 10:35.630 --> 10:41.390 the Germanic term Lutilla, meaning little. And speaking of little, what about Liechtenstein's 10:41.390 --> 10:47.010 name? Coincidentally, it's also connected to a castle. Liechtenstein is named after its ruling 10:47.010 --> 10:52.470 dynasty, which in turn is named after Liechtenstein castle, which is today part of Germany 10:52.470 --> 10:58.810 Its name derives from the German words Licht, meaning light or bright, and Stein, meaning stone 10:58.810 --> 11:02.490 One can imagine because these stones used to build a castle were bright 11:02.890 --> 11:08.250 If you search for pictures of it, it does seem to be the case. Italy, of course, comes from the Latin Italia 11:08.450 --> 11:12.150 but the origin of that term is a little contested and uncertain 11:12.610 --> 11:18.170 One theory is that it comes from the word Italoi, used by ancient Greeks to refer to a tribe that lived there 11:18.590 --> 11:25.150 Others say they refer to the fact that the natives of the peninsula worshipped a figure of a calf, Vitulus, in Latin 11:25.270 --> 11:34.790 which would then evolve into Italia. A third group believe it comes from the Oskan word vitelliu, meaning land of young cattle or land of bulls 11:34.850 --> 11:40.850 because there would be a lot of these animals in that place, which was then transmitted through ancient Greek and Latin 11:41.390 --> 11:44.910 The Osi were also a native people in Italy in ancient times 11:45.310 --> 11:56.950 And within Italy, we have two landlocked microstates. First, San Marino. The name of San Marino is possibly one of the most straightforward we've covered here in the year 301 AD 11:57.150 --> 12:01.670 to escape persecution from being Christian. The Republic would have then evolved from it 12:02.050 --> 12:09.530 Then, in keeping with the Christian theme, we have the Vatican City. Vatican likely comes from the old Etruscan settlement called Vatica 12:09.530 --> 12:14.470 It came from the Latin word Vaticinor, which meant something like the Oracle 12:15.030 --> 12:19.070 Others claim it is connected to the name of an Etruscan goddess called Vatica 12:19.590 --> 12:24.430 deity of the underworld, connected also with divination, so maybe both options are partly true 12:24.430 --> 12:30.530 it seems more true even when some sources point to the hill initially being used as a burial site 12:30.910 --> 12:35.570 and that being the reason why, according to local tradition, St. Peter would be buried there 12:35.850 --> 12:40.850 making it a place of worship for all Christians and eventually the chosen place for the Holy See 12:41.370 --> 12:59.280 Next, we have Malta. The name Malta likely originates from the Greek word melit meaning place of honey most likely referring to the islands and native bees and their traditional honey production Moving all the way north we have Denmark It derives from the Old Norse Danmark 12:59.640 --> 13:03.240 It essentially means land of the Danes or mark of the Danes 13:03.600 --> 13:09.840 Mark meant something like woodland or borderland. The Dani tribe seemed to be local inhabitants 13:10.260 --> 13:15.720 Although some people say Dan could come from an older Germanic word, Tene, meaning something 13:15.720 --> 13:21.920 like flatland, because Denmark basically has no hills or mountains. Continuing our way through the 13:21.920 --> 13:27.120 Nordics, we have Norway. Norway has a particularity that differs from most countries. It has two 13:27.120 --> 13:33.560 languages. Because of this, they have two endonyms, Norg in Bokmal and Noreg in Nynorsk. Both mean the 13:33.560 --> 13:38.440 same thing though, and both translate to the same English term of Norway, which comes from the old 13:38.440 --> 13:45.420 English Nordweg. Mentioned in around 880 for the first time, it means something like northern way 13:45.420 --> 13:51.980 or way leading to the north, which is how the Anglo-Saxons refer to the coastline of the Atlantic 13:51.980 --> 13:59.520 part of Norway. When it comes to Sweden, its name is derived from a 17th century middle Dutch word 13:59.720 --> 14:05.340 at least the English name. The Dutch word was Sveoland, meaning Sweden. Germans at this time 14:05.340 --> 14:11.700 called it Sverig, which meant Swedish kingdom. This is more connected to the Swedish endonym of 14:11.700 --> 14:18.740 Sverig and I think both come from the Old Norse Sviariki. Sverig divides itself into Svea 14:18.840 --> 14:26.060 Swedes after the local tribe and Rike meaning kingdom. Finland rivals San Marino in its simplicity 14:26.460 --> 14:31.980 It literally means land of the Finns, the local inhabitants but this is our English exonym. The 14:31.980 --> 14:38.080 local indonym is Suomi, its origins are uncertain but the prevalent theory suggests it comes from 14:38.080 --> 14:44.720 the Finnish word suoma meaning swampland or from the word suamo meaning fish scale but the first 14:44.720 --> 14:50.320 one makes more sense. Iceland literally means the land of ice, there's not really much to it 14:50.720 --> 14:56.160 Back in continental Europe we have one of my favorite etymology countries which is Austria 14:56.160 --> 15:02.340 The English name comes directly from the German one, Österreich, meaning eastern realm or eastern 15:02.340 --> 15:07.380 kingdom but interestingly this was actually a translation from the Latin name of the territory 15:07.380 --> 15:13.780 given by the Romans, Markia Orientalis, meaning Eastern Borderland, which the Germans then translated 15:14.380 --> 15:19.020 Slovenia and Slovakia seem to share their etymology, so we can kind of cover them together 15:19.440 --> 15:24.400 Both of them seem to mean land of the Slavs. Slav refers to the ethnic group of people 15:24.400 --> 15:29.060 that inhabit Central and mostly Eastern Europe, as well as the Balkans 15:29.240 --> 15:34.620 It seems to come from the medieval Latin Sklavus, but other theories insist that 15:34.620 --> 15:43.940 it comes from the Proto-Indo-European word, meaning people who speak the same language, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting foreign 15:43.940 --> 15:49.220 people, namely Nimsie, which is actually how many Slavic countries refer to Germany because 15:49.220 --> 15:55.940 Germans spoke a language they couldn't understand. Many state that the English term of slave actually 15:55.940 --> 16:00.920 originates from Slav because during the Middle Ages, Slavic people were frequently enslaved 16:01.360 --> 16:09.140 I'm not sure if this is true, but it would be an interesting origin. Czechia or the Czech Republic derives its name from the word Česko 16:09.440 --> 16:13.400 The origin seems to be the Sezi tribe and their leader, Czech 16:13.560 --> 16:18.840 who would have brought them to the region. It also used to be called Bohemia after another local tribe, the Boi 16:19.240 --> 16:24.540 Boi meaning either the herding people or the warrior people. Nearby is Hungary 16:24.700 --> 16:29.500 And they're called this because the first people that lived there liked to eat a lot 16:29.620 --> 16:37.500 They were really hungry. That's of course not true. Hungary is an exonym derived from Ungaria, which referred to the land of the Ungry 16:37.820 --> 16:48.620 the people who traveled from the steppe and conquered the lands. These people can also be referred to as Magyars, and in fact the endonym for Hungary today is Magyarorzag 16:49.120 --> 16:55.240 Magyar seems to originate from the proto-Ugridmank, meaning man, and Eri, meaning lineage 16:55.940 --> 17:03.400 Then Poland, where the native name is Polska. Both names are derived from the Polans, a West Slavic tribe that first lived there 17:03.400 --> 17:07.880 The tribe's name, in turn, comes from the Proto-Slavic noun Pol, meaning field 17:08.280 --> 17:15.520 referring to the flat territories in which the tribe originally lived, and which I guess still characterize most of Poland today 17:15.980 --> 17:19.500 Bosnia and Erzgovina has two names, so let's find out about each 17:19.880 --> 17:27.020 Bosnia seems to derive from the name of the river Bosnia, which could, in turn, derive from the Illydian Bas-An-As 17:27.020 --> 17:33.880 In turn, from the Proto-Indo-European root, beg, which means something like running waters 17:34.720 --> 17:39.180 I swear to God that like half of the world's rivers are just called river river 17:39.600 --> 17:43.960 because the name that we give it just means river in the native language 17:44.280 --> 17:50.120 Erzgovina means Herzog's land, and Herzog derives from the German word for duke 17:50.120 --> 17:57.080 originating from the title of a specific duke of the region, Stepan Vucic Kosaka 17:57.560 --> 18:02.240 When it comes to Croatia, their name comes from a sequence of ancient terms 18:02.240 --> 18:08.680 that go all the way back to the Proto-Ossetian Survat, meaning the one who guards 18:09.120 --> 18:16.620 Croatia is the exonym, their endonym is Rvatska, and that's derived from the Rvati people that first lived there 18:16.740 --> 18:22.080 but the origin seems to be exactly the same. the English term is just a Latinized translation 18:22.640 --> 18:31.500 Continuing to the Balkans, Serbia's name is a little unclear. Many theories exist, but the main one states that it comes from a Proto-Slavic term 18:31.960 --> 18:38.060 Serbi, meaning alliance, or kinship, also could mean something like the protectors 18:38.620 --> 18:43.940 Montenegro's name comes from the local indonym as well, which is Krenagora 18:43.940 --> 18:52.120 literally meaning Black Mountain. it refers to the local Mount Lovson which was covered in dark, dense green forts. The country 18:52.120 --> 18:57.400 still refers to itself in this name, I think, and in English we use the Latin version based on some 18:57.400 --> 19:05.040 Venetian inscription. Kosovo's etymology is of South Slavic origin and it seems to be a Serbian 19:05.040 --> 19:10.980 adjective, kos, meaning blackbird, which is incidentally the main symbol in the flag of 19:10.980 --> 19:25.750 their brother nation of Albania Their name origin is however different connected to the Illyrian tribe of Albani who are in turn named after the root word Alp meaning hill or mountain The indonym of the country is Shkiperia and it arrives from their 19:25.750 --> 19:32.130 word Shkip, meaning to speak clearly, a similar origin to the Slav term. North Macedonia takes 19:32.130 --> 19:37.470 its name from the Greek region, of course, being just north of it. It comes from the Greek adjective 19:37.470 --> 19:43.270 makednos, meaning tall, possibly describing the stature of the locals at the time, so it would 19:43.270 --> 19:49.330 essentially mean land of the tall people. Greece itself is an English exonym too. It comes from the 19:49.330 --> 19:54.630 Latin Gracia, which in turn comes from the Gracian tribe, one of the tribes of ancient Greece. The 19:54.630 --> 20:00.550 indonym, however, is Elas or Elada. The name has its origins in the mythological figure of Helen 20:00.990 --> 20:06.330 son of two figures that would have survived a flood caused by Zeus to wipe out humanity 20:06.770 --> 20:11.790 then becoming the founding father to all Greeks. Bulgaria is named after the Bulgars 20:11.790 --> 20:17.970 A Turkish tribe who migrated there from what is now Russia and the Central Asian steppes 20:18.250 --> 20:23.710 The tribe's name itself may come from the Proto-Turkic word meaning shake or mix, which 20:23.710 --> 20:30.990 doesn't really make much sense. Some others connected it to the ancient native word bilgeron, meaning people living in the 20:30.990 --> 20:37.650 outlands, which would make more sense given the Bulgarians history. Romania also has a super cool etymology 20:37.650 --> 20:42.930 It comes from the Latin Romanus, meaning of Rome, likely connected with the colonization 20:42.930 --> 20:49.610 of the territory by the Roman Empire. Before the Romans, it was called Dacia, named after the Dacian tribes 20:50.110 --> 20:55.370 Moldova is named after the Moldovan River, central at the time the Principality of Moldavia 20:55.370 --> 21:03.410 was created. The origin of the river's name, however, is unclear. Legend says it was named after a local prince's dog, whose name was Molda 21:03.790 --> 21:19.370 This is unlikely, but not really impossible. When it comes to Ukraine, the name is frequently interpreted as coming from the old Slavic term for borderland, as the word Krajina would be derived from the Proto-Indo-European root, Kraj meaning edge 21:19.730 --> 21:27.110 Of course, this could either mean edge of a territory, thus borderland, or edge of a sharp cutting tool, so I guess it's up to you 21:27.110 --> 21:33.250 While Belarus can be translated as White Ruthenia, the term first arose in the days of the Russian 21:33.250 --> 21:39.330 Empire and the Russian Tsar was usually styled the Tsar of all the Russias, the Great, the 21:39.330 --> 21:45.310 Little and the White. Ruthenia was essentially a Latinized form of Rus, used to refer to the lands ruled by 21:45.310 --> 21:52.130 those people. Why the White though? I don't know. There are various theories, some say it was simply because of traditional local clothing 21:52.130 --> 21:58.430 others because it was associated with the west direction, others simply because they had been more Christianized 21:58.810 --> 22:05.350 It's really not certain. And moving to Russia itself, the most relevant part of which is in Europe 22:05.630 --> 22:09.510 it takes its name from the early Rus Vikings that came from Scandinavia 22:09.510 --> 22:14.910 and set up there ruling over the Slavic people. The name Rus itself is of uncertain origin 22:14.910 --> 22:20.130 but one theory suggests it might be related to the old Norse word rur, meaning rowers 22:20.450 --> 22:26.710 or those who row. it makes sense considering that they came to Russia by sea. Georgia, despite being in the 22:26.710 --> 22:31.610 Caucasus, is definitely a European country. All exonyms are likely derived from Gorka 22:31.770 --> 22:37.130 the Persian designation for the Georgians, meaning the land of the wolves. That's a pretty cool name 22:37.490 --> 22:43.190 The indonym is very different, Sakartvelo, meaning land of the Kartvellians. It derives from the core 22:43.190 --> 22:50.230 central Georgian region of Kartli. Armenia is basically European too. The exonym likely originates 22:50.230 --> 22:57.110 from the Urartian word Armini, meaning inhabitants of Arm, possibly related to the Urumu tribe 22:57.110 --> 23:02.230 who first settled there. Their indonym is Hai or Haistan, the origin of which is unknown 23:02.370 --> 23:08.450 but may derive from old words like Hati, Hayaza or Haik, each connected to ancient words 23:08.690 --> 23:14.730 places or figures. Azerbaijan is definitely less European in culture, but it's right here 23:14.810 --> 23:19.590 so let's cover it too. The name is believed to derive from the old Persian term Atropaten 23:19.590 --> 23:25.650 meaning land of fire or protected by fire, referencing either the natural 23:25.650 --> 23:35.910 burning of surface oil deposits or the fire-worshiping Zoroastrian religion that at one point was prevalent there. Turkey is also technically part of 23:35.910 --> 23:40.030 Europe at least in its East Thrace region. The English name comes from the 23:40.030 --> 23:44.550 medieval Latin Turkiya means land of the Turks. Turk would come from the old 23:44.550 --> 23:56.670 migration of Turkic people across Asia, referring to the ancient term Turuk meaning created or strong. Interestingly, an early form of the same name may be reflected 23:56.670 --> 24:03.210 in the form of Tile or Tu Jue, a name given by the Chinese to the people living south 24:03.210 --> 24:09.770 of the Altai mountains in Central Asia, some of which were shaped like a helmet and so 24:09.770 --> 24:15.150 the name would mean helmet. This is the place that most Turks initially migrated from. Since 24:15.150 --> 24:19.150 Since the region of Turkey that is in Europe is East Thrace, we can learn about the meaning 24:19.150 --> 24:25.330 of it too. It seems to come from the ancient word Traiks in Greek, referring to the local tribe which 24:25.330 --> 24:32.910 we then called Thracians. So those are the potential origins of each European country's name 24:32.910 --> 24:38.710 Did I get your country right? If you notice a mistake or have any additional information, just leave a comment below and 24:38.710 --> 24:45.190 keep in mind most of these are uncertain. Thank you again to TrainWell for sponsoring this video 24:45.190 --> 24:50.530 If you want to give the app a try, get a personal trainer, your own personalized training plan 24:50.530 --> 24:54.370 and 14 days of free training, make sure to check them out 24:54.370 --> 25:10.910 Either way, thank you so much for watching this video. I will see you next time for more General Knowledge 25:10.910 --> 25:19.570 Moon Cup is one that I don't think I've shown before. It is, to be honest, he reminds me of 25:19.570 --> 25:28.690 Doctor Strange. Is that his name? The Marvel guy? And yeah, he's just hanging around with his 25:28.690 --> 25:40.250 black top hat and red cape. There seems to be a double moon situation. Maybe he's gazing upon Tatooine 25:40.250 --> 25:45.370 no that's a double sun and he has a panther