WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:07.000 Spelling ING Ending 00:07.000 --> 00:14.000 This video is brought to you by the following English learning website 00:14.000 --> 00:24.000 Look at the following words. Each is a verb with an ING ending, but they all have different spellings 00:24.000 --> 00:34.000 Spelling, texting, making, winning, lying Why do we spell them in such different ways 00:34.000 --> 00:40.000 Well, there are five basic principles. We'll look at each one individually 00:40.000 --> 00:52.000 1. ING alone 2. With silent E 3. Doubling consonants 4. IE endings 00:52.000 --> 01:05.000 5. Special cases 1. ING alone To make the gerund form of many verbs, we just add ING to the main verb and that's it 01:05.000 --> 01:19.000 Verb plus ING working, spending, calling, watching, going, playing, eating, raining 01:19.000 --> 01:27.000 To simplify things, we're going to call the ING form of the verb the gerund form 01:27.000 --> 01:33.000 What are the principles for using ING alone? Do you notice any pattern 01:33.000 --> 01:40.000 There are generally four principles for this. First, look at the endings of the main verb 01:40.000 --> 01:51.000 A. Consonant, consonant 4. Consonant, consonant, consonant spending, calling, watching 01:51.000 --> 02:07.000 B. Vowel, vowel, consonant eating, reading, raining C. Vowel, vowel, seeing, playing, snowing 02:07.000 --> 02:19.000 D. Vowel, vowel, going, being, flying Seeing double? No trouble. Let's look at each case separately 02:19.000 --> 02:28.000 When you see double, vowels or consonants, just add ING. 2 consonants CC 02:28.000 --> 02:33.000 At the end of verbs, signal that we don't have to change the verb at all 02:33.000 --> 02:38.000 By double here, we mean two. They can be the same consonant or not 02:38.000 --> 02:47.000 call, fill, send, watch With watch, there are actually three or triple consonants 02:47.000 --> 03:00.000 B. Double vowel before final consonant When you see two vowels before a final consonant, you can just add ING to the verb 03:00.000 --> 03:16.000 raining, reading, roaming, keeping Two vowels usually, but not always, signal a long vowel sound, so the consonant doesn't need to be doubled 03:16.000 --> 03:30.000 B. Vowel, vowel, consonant Example It's raining, but I'm not complaining. I'm staying home, eating, reading, and sleuthing 03:30.000 --> 03:38.000 C. Double vowel When a verb ends in two vowels, just add ING 03:38.000 --> 03:49.000 seeing, agreeing, cooing, booing The letters Y and W can function as vowels at the ends of words 03:49.000 --> 04:00.000 playing, saying, knowing, towing C. Double vowel. Examples 04:00.000 --> 04:10.000 Do you agree with the following statement? Seeing is believing. Saying is playing. Knowing is showing 04:10.000 --> 04:20.000 Actually, these are not considered verbs here, but they use the gerund form, verb ING, nonetheless 04:20.000 --> 04:30.000 V. Single vowel Finally, when a verb ends in a single vowel, we can simply add ING to make the gerund form 04:30.000 --> 04:44.000 There are only a few words like this. going, being, doing, undoing, seeing, trying, applying, applying 04:44.000 --> 04:54.000 In this case, the Y is used as a vowel. V. Single vowel endings. Examples 04:54.000 --> 04:59.000 What are you doing, Julius? You're going to burp that. Be careful 04:59.000 --> 05:09.000 I am being careful, Mom. Oops! 2. Silent E 05:09.000 --> 05:19.000 At the end of some verbs, you will see a silent E. Silent E can affect the pronunciation of the previous vowel, making it long 05:19.000 --> 05:25.000 The I in ING performs the same function, so silent E is no longer needed 05:25.000 --> 05:31.000 When a verb ends in a silent E, you can drop it before adding ING 05:32.000 --> 05:42.000 make, make, being, making ride, ride, being, riding 05:42.000 --> 05:52.000 cope, cope, being, coping 2. Silent E examples 05:52.000 --> 06:02.000 Reading and writing is fine, but reading and driving is not. 3. Silent E 06:02.000 --> 06:09.000 Occasionally, you will see a word with a silent E in which the pronunciation principle does not seem to apply 06:09.000 --> 06:19.000 However, the spelling principle still does. live, living. This one has a short I sound 06:19.000 --> 06:30.000 have, having. This one has a short A sound. move, moving. The O is used as oo 06:30.000 --> 06:44.000 taste, tasting. There is a long A and two consonants. In each of these words, you will need to drop the silent E before adding ING 06:44.000 --> 06:57.000 3. Doubling Consonants When a verb ends in a short vowel before a final consonant, you need to double the final consonant before adding ING 06:57.000 --> 07:06.000 The double consonant protects the short vowel from changing its sound. For example, cut, cutting 07:06.000 --> 07:17.000 swim, swimming win, winning wrap, wrapping sit, sitting 07:17.000 --> 07:29.000 hug, hugging 4. Doubled Consonants Note these examples. Silent E vs. Doubled Consonants 07:29.000 --> 07:41.000 hope, hoping Long O with silent E hop, hopping Short O with doubled consonant 07:41.000 --> 07:53.000 win, winning Short I with doubled consonant wine, whining Long I with silent E 07:53.000 --> 08:06.000 whining, as in the expression whining and dining Think of the doubled consonant as protecting the short vowel sound. Remember the bulldogs 08:06.000 --> 08:16.000 They're like doubled consonants protecting the short vowel sound. jogging, planning kidding, betting 08:20.000 --> 08:28.000 Notice how it all fits together. clean, cleaning Long vowel sound, no doubled consonant 08:28.000 --> 08:40.000 spin, spinning Short vowel sound, doubled consonant wait, waiting Long vowel sound, no doubled consonant 08:40.000 --> 08:53.000 hit, hitting Short vowel sound, doubled consonant Double Consonants and Stressed Syllables 08:53.000 --> 09:04.000 Sometimes, in words with more than one syllable, double consonants are used after the last syllable of the verb, if it is stressed, but not if the syllable is unstressed 09:04.000 --> 09:15.000 For example, control, controlling stressed final syllable travel, traveling unstressed final syllable 09:15.000 --> 09:25.000 open, opening unstressed final syllable forget, forgetting stressed final syllable 09:26.000 --> 09:33.000 4. Verbs Ending in IE Luckily, there are only a few of these 09:33.000 --> 09:39.000 When a verb ends in IE, we change the IE to Y before adding ING 09:39.000 --> 09:49.000 lie, lying die, dying tie, tying untie, untying 09:49.000 --> 10:00.000 5. Special Cases Actually, these verbs follow some of the rules above, but they still seem strange 10:00.000 --> 10:12.000 hoe, hoeing 2 vowels, silent E is not dropped. die, dying 2 vowels, silent E is not dropped 10:12.000 --> 10:22.000 eye, eyeing 3 vowels Sometimes, you see it written eyeing, that's also OK 10:22.000 --> 10:37.000 age, aging This is the difference between British and American English. Dying here is not the same as dying as in approaching death 10:37.000 --> 10:47.000 Dying, D-Y-E-I-N-G, means coloring. Want to test your knowledge 10:47.000 --> 10:53.000 Indicate whether the following words are spelled correctly or not. Take your time 10:53.000 --> 11:19.000 Take your time 11:19.000 --> 11:30.000 If you need more time, pause the video. Let's check the answers 11:30.000 --> 11:41.000 The words in red are incorrect 11:41.000 --> 12:02.000 Actually, planning can be a word, but planning is commonly misspelled like this 12:02.000 --> 12:25.000 Answers and Pronunciation See, Read and Repeat Seeing, Skiing, Hitting, Biting, Planning, Dying, Coming, Raining, Riding, Beginning 12:25.000 --> 12:52.000 Wishing, Smiling, Changing, Talking, Making, Speaking, Tying, Closing, Losing, Listening, Looking, Dropping, Typing, Facing 12:52.000 --> 13:05.000 Hope that was helpful. For more information, please check out our website 13:05.000 --> 13:12.000 Thanks for watching. Be sure to click the thumbs-up icon if you liked this video 13:12.000 --> 13:16.000 And don't forget to subscribe and share with your friends